In 2023, Canada’s parliament passed two significant pieces of legislation, Bills C-11 and C-18, both of which have stirred debates and concerns regarding their potential impact on online freedom and political censorship. Bill C-18, commonly known as the Online News Act, was introduced in the forty-fourth Canadian Parliament and received royal assent on June 22, 2023. This legislation introduces a framework mandating digital news intermediaries, including search engines and social-networking services, to negotiate compensation for online publishers for reproducing or facilitating access to their content. These negotiations would aim to make social-media companies pay Canadian publishers for links to their content, even though these links are free advertising that

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